Pharmaceutical Chemistry IMP QUESTION

 

1. Give two brand names of following drugs (any two)

         i) Paracetamol:- Tylenol, Calpol, panadol, crocin, metacin, valadol, paldesic, Dolo 

        (ii) Metronidazole:- Aristogyl, Flagyl, Metrogyl, Aldezol, Unimezol 

        (iii) Salbutamol:- Ashtalin, Respira, Salbetol, Ambrodil, Sobres,, Salbuton, Asthasol. 

2. In what dosage form the following drugs are given (any two) (i) Insulin:

        (i) Insulin

1) Insulin Injection,

2) Insulin Injection Biphasic 

3) Neutral Insulin Injection

4) Globin zinc Insulin Injection

5) Isophane Insulin Injection

6) Protamine zinc Insulin Injection

7) Insulin zinc Suspension

        (ii) Mebendazole

1) Mebendazole Tablet

2) Mebendazole Syrup 

        (iii) Procaine: 

           1) Procaine Injection

3. Classify antitubercular drugs with examples. 

Classification

i) p-amino salicylic acid derivative-e.g. PAS 

ii) Pyridine derivatives-e.g. Isoniazid, Ethionamide 

iii) Pyrazine derivatives-e.g. Pyrazinamide

iv) Ethylene diamine derivatives-e.g. Ethambutol

v) Antibiotics-c.g. Cycloserine, Streptomycin, Rifampicin

4. Name the drug present in the following brands. (any two) 

(i) Mebex: Mebendazole 

(ii) Valium: Diazepam

(iii) Corex: Chlorpheniramine maleate and Codeine phosphate 

5. Define "neoplasm" and classify antineoplastic agents.

Neoplasm: Neoplasm is the medical term for cancer or tumour which means a relatively autonomous growth of tissues.

Classification:

1. Alkylating Agents.

a) Nitrogen mustard drugs: Mustine, Chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide

b) Aziridines: Thiotepa 

c) Alkyl sulfonate: Busulfan

d) Nitrosourea group compound: Lomustine

2) Antimetabolites: Methotrexate, Mercaptopurine, Azathioprine, Fluorouracil

3) Antibiotics: Actinomycin, Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin 

4) Plant Products: Sulfates of vinblastine and vincristine. 

5) Hormones and related drugs: Glucocorticoids, Tamoxifen

6) Miscellaneous agents: Hydroxyurea, cisplatin

6. Explain diabetes mellitus. Classify hypoglycaemic agents with examples. 

Diabetes Mellitus:- Diabetes Mellitus is a condition characterized by hyperglycemia (excessive sugar in blood, than the threshold value) & glycosuria (presence of sugar in urine). The disease is caused by deficiency of insulin, a protein hormone secreted by beta cells of islets of Langerhans, responsible for proper carbohydrate metabolism.

Classification

1. Parenteral hypoglycemics agents (Insulin) 

a) Short acting-Neutral Insulin

b) Intermediate acting- Isophane (NPH) Insulin, Lente Insulin 

c) Longer acting- Ultralente Insulin

2. Oral hypoglycemic agents

a) Sulphonylureas- Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide, glibenclamide 

b) Biguanides- Phenformin, Metformin

c) Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)- Rosiglitazone. Pioglitazone

d) Alpha glucosidase inhibitors- Acarbose, Miglitol, Vogliose

7. Name the drug used in (any three):

i) Myasthenia gravis: Neostigmine, Physostigmine, Pyridostigmine

ii) Leprosy: Dapsone, solapsone, thiacetazone, clofazimine, thiambutosin, sulphadoxine,

           iii) Gout: Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Celecoxib. Allopurinol, Colchicine

8. iv) Tuberculosis: Isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, rifampicin, PAS, streptomycin,

v) Parkinsonism: Atropine, Levodopa-carbidopa, Benserazide, Amantadine,

9. Define Cholinergic drugs. Write the uses of Pilocarpine and Physostigmine.

Definition: The agents that mimic the action of acetylcholine or produce the effect of parasympathetic nerve stimulation are called as cholinergic agents or parasympathomimetic agents.

Uses:

• Pilocarpine

1. Used in solutions of 1 to 5% as miotic to constrict pupil.

2. Decreases intraocular pressure in glaucoma 

3. Used to counteract effects of short acting mydriatic on the eye

4. For diagnosis of Adie's pupil

5. For accommodation of near vision of eye. 6. To counteract anticholinergic side effects (dryness of mouth, constipation and impaired vision)

Physostigmine:

1. Used as miotic 

2. Decreases intraocular pressure in glaucoma.

3. Used for reversal of post-operative over sedation

4. Used for the treatment of poisoning due to anticholinergic and Tricyclic            antidepressants

5. To treat some psychiatric and neurological disorders (eg. Alzheimer's disease)

10. Write medicinal uses and dosage forms (any two) (One mark to each medicinal uses and dosage forms)

i. Metronidazole

Medicinal uses:

1. It has antiprotozoal and antibacterial action

2. Used in the treatment of severe intestinal amoebiasis

3. It is active against anaerobic bacteria like streptococci and H-Pylori

4. It is a primary drug in the treatment of hepatic amoebiasis

5. Treatment of Trichomonos vaginalis, infection due to entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia

Dosage forms: -

Metronidazole tablet.

Metronidazole gel.

Metronidazole infusion, Metronidazole syrup.

Metronidazole suspension. 

ii. Methyldopa

Medicinal uses:-

1. To control blood pressure in primary hypertension. Pur

2. To control renal hypertension

3. To treat hypertension in pregnancy.

4. To reduce hot flushes in postmenopausal women

5. To treat pheochromocytoma and carcinoid tumor

Dosage forms:

Methyldopa tablet,

 Methyldopa injection.

11. Give stability and storage condition of

(One mark to each stability and storage condition)

i) Heparin

Stability: The aqueous solution is stable for at least 7 years at pH 7 to 8. It is affected by high temperature and susceptible to microbial growth.

Storage condition

Store in a well closed container, protected from light preferably in sterile, sealed containers. 

ii) Insulin

Stability: Insulin is affected by heat, light and moisture.

Storage condition

All insulin preparations must be stored at low temperatures between 2-8°C in a da place. It should not be allowed to freeze. dark

12. Define the following terms

Antipyretics. The drugs which lower the raised (elevated) body temperature and bring it to the normal are called antipyretics. 

Hypoglycemic agents: These are the drugs that decrease the level of glucose in the blood.

Tranquilizers - Tranquillizers are CNS depressants which

13. Draw structure and medicinal uses of (any two)

i) Penicillin V

Structure:-

Medicinal uses:-

1. It is used as an antibiotic for several infections. 

2. It is useful in infection caused by Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes. Species of Neisseria. Actinomyces and Clostridium etc.

3. It is also used to treat infections caused by anaerobes, in meningococcal infection, in gonococcal infections and in syphilis.

4. It is used prophylactically in the infection caused by gonorrhea.

5. Treatment of Pharyngitis, skin infection etc.

ii) Sulfacetamide 

 Structure:-

14. Medicinal uses:-

1. It is an antibacterial agent. 

2.Locally it is used in eye infections

3. Systematically it is used to treat urinary tract infection.

15. Mention two brand names for each (any two)

i) Ampicillin :- Roscillin, Orcillin, Ampilin, Bacipen, Zycillin, Biocilin, Magnacillin, Ampisyn, Ampurin

ii) Paracetamol - Crocin, Calpol, Fepanil, Dolo, Pyrexin, Paracip, Aceto, Fevridol. 

iii)Mebendazole :- Mebex, Mebidex, Mebenth, Lupimeb, Wormin, D-Worm, Eben. Zumin.

16. Give popular brand names of (any two) 

(i) Streptomycin- Ambistryn inj. Cipstryn inj, Merstryp inj. 

(ii) Paracetamol-Tylenol, Calpol, panadol, crocin, metacin, valadol, paldesic, Dolo

17. (iii) Ibuprofen. Ibugesic, Ibuspan SR, Ibuflamar, Brufen

18. Give uses of following drugs (any two)

• Nikethamide 

• Nikethamide is a stimulant which mainly affects the respiratory cycle.

• Widely known by its former trade name of Coramine, it was used in the mid-twentieth equalizer overdoses. 

(ii) Benzocaine-

• Is a local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever. It is the active ingredient in many over-the-counter anesthetic ointments).

• It is also combined with Antipyrine (NSAIDS) to form Otic Drops, to relieve ear pain and remove earwax.

            (iii) Warfarin-

• Warfarin is an anticoagulant (blood thinner). 

• Warfarin reduces the formation of blood

19. Classify local anesthetics with examples. 

Classification of Local anesthetics

1. Natural Products- Cocaine, Tropocaine.

2. Synthetic Compounds

a) Benzoic acid ester derivatives-Hexylcaine. Isobucaine b) Para-amino benzoic acid ester derivatives-Benzocaine, Procaine, Tetracaine hydrochloride (amethocaine hydrochloride). Butacaine sulfate. 

c) Amides-Lignocaine, Prilocaine. Bupivacaine. Dibucaine.

d) Miscellaneous-Phenacine, Clove Oil, Phenol, Orthoform etc.

20. Give two brand names for each of the following drugs

(i) Paracetamol-Tylenol, Calpol panadol, crocin, metacin, valadol, paldesic, Dolo 

(ii) Metformin- Dibeta SR, Formin, Metchek, Forminal

(iii) Metronidazole-Aristogyl, Flagyl, Metrogyl, Aldezol, Unimezol

21. In what dosage form the following the following drugs

i) Tolnaftate

• Tolnaftate Cream

• Tolnaftate gel

•Tolnaftate powder 

•Tolnaftate topical aerosol powder

•Tolnaftate topical solution 

(ii) Insulin

• Insulin Injection

•Insulin Injection Biphasic

•Neutral Insulin Injection

•Globin zinc Insulin Injection

• Isophane Insulin Injection

• Protamine zinc Insulin Injection

• Insulin zinc suspension

22. Give structure and uses of haloperidol. 

            Haloperidol structure:-

Haloperidol uses:

•It is major tranquilizer and used to treat Acute schizophrenia

•Mania and hypomania Behavioral disturbances

• Severe anxiety

•Childhood development disorders.

23. Name the drug used for (any two)

(i) Glaucoma Pilocarpine, Carbachol, Acetazolamide, Physostigmine, Timolol 

(ii) Asthma- Salbutamol, Terbutaline, Isoprenaline. Pseudoephedrine. Aminophylline. (iii) Amoebiasis-Choquinol, Diiodohydroxyquinoline, Metronidazole, Tinidazole,Diloxanidefuroate, Antibiotics like paromomycin.

24. Draw two structures of a drug containing pyrimidine rings.

i) Pyrimethamine

 

(ii) Sulphadiazine

25. Define and classify NSAIDS with examples.

The drugs which do not have the steroidal nucleus & are used to diminish or reduce inflammation & give relief from pain in arthritis & rheumatic diseases are called as steroidal anti-inflammatory agents [NSAID]. 

Classification of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

A. Nonselective COX inhibitors (conventional NSAIDs)

i. Salicylates: Aspirin, Diflunisal

ii. Pyrazolone derivatives: Phenylbutazone, Oxyphenbutazone 

iii. Indole derivatives: Indomethacin, Sulindac

iv. Propionic acid derivatives: Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Ketoprofen, Flurbiprofen

v. Anthranilic acid derivatives: Mefenamic acid

vii. Oxicam derivatives: Piroxicam

vi. Aryl-acetic acid derivatives: Diclofenac

viii.Pyrrolo-pyrrole derivative: Ketorolac 

B. Preferential COX-2 inhibitors E.g. Nimesulide, Meloxicam, Nabumetone

C. Selective COX-2 inhibitors E.g.Celecoxib, Rofecoxib. Valdecoxib. 

26. Define following terms 

i) Diuretics: Drugs which promote excretion of water & electrolytes from the body through the kidney in the form of urine are called diuretics. 

ii) Antineoplastics: Antineoplastic agents, also known as cytotoxic agents and ar in the treatment of malignant diseases when surgery or radiotherapy is not possib proved ineffective, in other words, the agents used in the treatment of neoplasm/c are called antineoplastic agents. 

ii) Anti-coagulants: Anticoagulants are the substances that prevent coagulation or prolong the coagulation time. They are used to prevent thrombosis.

27. Give structure and uses 

I) Atropine:

Uses

1. By acting on CNS

            3. Due to antimuscarinic activity

            4. For anesthetic premedication 

            5. To treat sialorrhea

            6. To treat acute rhinitis, hay fever

                 poisoning

             ii) Propranolol

Uses: It is used to treat: cardiac arrhythmia, auricular fibrillation, angina pectoris, art hypertension, hyperthyroidism in children and symptoms of anxiety.

28. Classify Sympathomimetic agents.

Classification:

1) Catecholamines: e.g.: adrenaline, noradrenaline, Isoprenaline, Phenylephrine 

2) Non-Catecholamines:

a) Containing phenylethylamine skeleton

i) with phenolic group: e.g.Salbutamol, Phenylephrine

           ii) without phenolic hydroxyl group:

               e.g:ephedrine

b) Aliphatic amines : e.g:cyclopentamine 

c) Imidazolidine derivatives: eg:naphazoline.

29. Classify antimalarials with suitable examples.

Classification-

•Quinine salts e.g. Quinine sulphate, Quinine phosphate, Quinine dihydrochloride. •8-Aminoquinolines e.g. Pentaquine, Isopentaquine, Pamaquine, Primaquine.

•4-Aminoquinolines e.g. Chloroquine Amodiaquine.

•9-Amino Acridine e.g. Quinacrine, •Mepacrine. Cycloguanil

•Biguanides e.g. Proguanil,

•Diaminopyrimidines. e.g. pyrimethamine.

• Artemisinin & its derivatives.

• Miscellaneous: - They are further classified as mentioned below 

a) Sulfones and sulfonamides.

b) Antibiotics

30. Classify antineoplastics are classified? Explain with examples.

Classification:

1) Alkylating Agents. 

a) Nitrogen mustard drugs: Mustine, Chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide

b) Aziridines: TThiotepa

c) Alkyl sulfonate: Busulfan

d) Nitrosourea group compound: Lomustine 

2) Antimetabolites: Methotrexate, Mercaptopurine, Azathioprine, Fluorouracil

3) Antibiotics: Actinomycin, Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin

4) Plant Products: Sulfates of vinblastine and vincristine. 

5) Hormones and related drugs: Glucocorticoids, 

6) Miscellaneous agent :- Hydroxyurea, Cisplatin. 

31. Define and Classify Antidepressants giving suitable examples of compounds under each class.

Antidepressant:- The drug which are used to elevate mood are called Antidepressant

Classification:-

1) Typical tricyclic antidepressant

a) Iminodibenzyl derivatives 

E.g. Imipramine

b) Dibenzoxazepine Leg

e.g .Doxepin

c) Benzocyclohepyanes & relative compounds

Eg. Amitriptyline

2) MOA inhibitors

a) Hydrazides Eg. Phenelzine

b) Non-Hydrazides

i) cyclopropyl amines E.g. Tranylcypromine

ii) sympathomimetics E.g. Dextroamphetamine

3) Typically antidepressants E.g. iprindole

4) Miscellaneous

             i) B-adrenoceptor agonists E.g.     

              Salbutamol

ii) Thyrotropin-releasing- Hormones (TRH)

32. Explain the term with suitable examples

A) Anti-arrhythmic

Definition: The agents which are used to correct cardiac, Arrhythmias are called Anti- arrhythmic drugs

Example:-

1) Quinidine sulfate

2)Phenytoin Sodium

3)Amiodarone

B) Anti-hypertensive agents

Definition:- Hypertension means high systemic blood pressure due to defects in the hemodynamic function. To lower the blood pressure and reduce the death rate is must known as Anti-hypertensive agents

Example:- 

1) propranolol

2) Nifedipine

3) ramipril

33. Define and Classify antibiotics giving suitable examples of compounds under each class

Antibiotics:- are the chemical substances derived from living organisms, which are capable of inhabiting the life process of other microorganisms.

Classification:

34. A) Depending upon Spectrum of antimicrobial activity

a) narrow spectrum antibiotics

b) Broad spectrum Antibiotics

B) Classification depending upon Biosynthesis

a) Antibiotics derived from amino acids

i) From single amino acids E.g. Chloramphenicol 

ii) from two amino acids. E.g. Benzylpenicillin

iii) from many amino acids E.g. Bacitracin

b) Antibiotics derived from sugars E.g. Streptomycin

c) Antibiotics derived from acetates and propanoate units

E.g. tetracycline

d) Miscellaneous E.g. fifampicin

C) Classification Depending on the Basis of chemical structure

a)ß-lactum antibiotics E.g. Benzylpenicillin

b) Non-lactum Antibiotics

35. Classify different types of titrimetric analysis. Explain at least one precipitation type of titration.

Volumetric or titrimetric analysis is classified into 5 branches depending upon the chemical reaction

1) Acid-base titration

2)Non-aqueous titration

3)Precipitation titration

4) Compleximetric titration

5) Redox titration

E.g of precipitation titration

Formation of the precipitate is the reaction involved. Participation of silver cation with hadide is widely used in three analysis

AgNO3 + NaCl –>AgCl + NaNO3

36. State what is meant by 'impurity'. Enelist different sources of impurity and discribe them? 

Ans:- Impurity: impurity is the undesirable foreign material which may be toxic or may not be toxic,

present in pharmaceutical substance.

Sources of impurity:

1. Raw material

2. Reagents used in manufacturing process

3. Intermediate products in manufacturing process

4. Defects in manufacturing process/ manufacturing hazards

5. Solvents

6. Action of solvent and reagents on reaction vessel

7. Atmospheric contamination during manufacturing process

8. Defective storage of final pproducts

37. Give a brief account of A) Acid base titration B) Redox titration A) Acid base titration

38. 1)These titration involve the neutralization reaction between Acid and forming salt and water, with as a medium for the reaction.

    H+ OH—---->H2O

    2) Here Acid may be defined as the substance which dissolve in water undergo dissociation forming H' & base substance which dissolved in water &gives OH-.

    3) In Acid base titration detection of end point indicates are used. These indicators are called as acid-

    base indicators

    4) Eg: Phenolphthalein

    B) Redox titration

    1)-Oxidation-reduction reaction are used in volumetric determination Oxidation reaction is the reaction where addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen take place, while in reduction, there will be addition of hydrogen of removal of oxygen

    2) In other words oxidation is the process where their loss of electrons.

    3) while in reduction there is gain of electrons.

    4) Oxidation & reduction usually occurs simultaneously in the reaction.

39. Classify Adrenergic drugs.

Classification: 

1)Catecholamines: e.g.: adrenaline, noradrenaline, Isoprenaline, Phenylephrine

2)Non-Catecholamines:

a) Containing phenylethylamine skeleton 

i)with phenolic group: e.g.Salbutamol, Phenylephrine

ii)without phenolic hydroxy group :e.g:ephedrine.

b) Aliphatic amines: e.g:cyclopentamine

c) Imidazolidine derivatives: eg:naphazoline