Social Pharmacy IMP Question
Social Pharmacy
1 Introduction to Social Pharmacy (12M)
1 Describe National Health Police
-The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 emerged as a major milestone of the twentieth century in the field of public health, and it identified primary health care as the key to the attainment of the goal of "Health for All" around the globe.
-Health policy of a nation is its strategy for controlling and optimizing the social uses of its health knowledge of intended objectives. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, released a National Health Policy in 1983 till 2002. It stressed the need for comprehensive primary health care services.
-Revised NHP came into effect in 2002 and in 2017, the next NHP was announced. It also identifies seven priority areas for improving the environment for health. These priority areas needing coordinated action include:
a)The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
b)Balanced, healthy diets and regular exercises.
c)Addressing tobacco, alcohol and substance abuse
a)Yatri Suraksha - preventing deaths due to rail and road traffic accidents.
b)Nirbhaya Nari -action against gender violence.
c)Reduced stress and improved safety in the workplace
d)Reducing indoor and outdoor air pollution.
2 What is health insurance? Give its types.
Health Insurance is a type of insurance which covers medical and health related expenses due to hospitalization,medicines,diagnostics etc.
Types of Health Insurance:
1)Individual health insurance
2) Family health insurance
3) Critical Illness Insurance (eg Cancer, Stroke, heart diseases etc.)
4)Senior Citizens' Health Insurance
5) Group health Insurance
6)Maternity Health Insurance
OR
There are two main types
1)Fixed benefit policies are those that pay a fixed amount following a claim.
2)Indemnity plans are those that provide reimbursement for the money spent on
medical treatment.
3) Give the definition and scope of Social Pharmacy. Describe the role of Pharmacist in Public Health.
"Social pharmacy is defined as science which deals with social aspects of the profession of pharmacy".
Scope of Social Pharmacy/Role of Social Pharmacy in Improving Public Health
1. It covers the social, psycho-social, economic and organizational aspects of the medicines.
2. Social pharmacy enables the pharmacy profession to act and take responsibility in its full scope with the problems of pharmacy and medicines in the society.
3. Social pharmacy can assist anyone who wants to use a scientific approach to describe, explain, understand and change practice.
4.Social pharmacy offers benefits to researchers, policy-makers and pharmacists as well as other healthcare providers.
5. Social pharmacy relates with the issues in public health and social politics.
6.Social pharmacy has a strong connection to pharmacy practice.
7. Social pharmacy research is helpful to investigate questions and themes concerning pharmacy practice and medicine use.
"Role of Pharmacist in Public Health:
Pharmacy is an integral and essential part of the healthcare system. The pharmacists are expected to perform the following roles of responsibilities for the public health:
1. He should maintain quality of medicines supplied to the patients.
2.He should record the incidence of a disease in their community.
3.He should identify the adverse drug reactions, if any and report to the authorities.
4.He should ensure that the supply of medicines is as per the laws.
5.He should ensure the medicines prescribed to the patients are suitable.
6.He should counsel the preventive aspects of various diseases to the patients.
7.He should advise the patients about how to take the medicines and answer the patient's questions with due care.
8.A pharmacist can be involved in the prevention and control of diseases in many ways, e.g. involvement in immunization programs, awareness programs, etc.
9. A pharmacist should be involved in the health education to the public regarding the topics such as exercise, health nutrition,tobacco cessation, deaddiction programmes, etc.
10.Pharmacists can work with other medical professionals to promote family planning programs, which is today's need.
4) Describe the Millennium, Sustainable and FIP development goals.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs):
-MDGs are the goals with measurable targets and clear deadlines for improving the lives of the world's poorest people.
-To meet these goals and eradicate poverty, leaders of 189 countries signed the historic millennium declaration at the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000.
-The target date of achievement of the goals was identified as 2015.
The following eight goals were identified by MDG:
1.To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2.To achieve universal primary education. 3.To promote gender equality and empower women.
4.To reduce child mortality.
5.To improve maternal health.
6.To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
7.To ensure environmental sustainability.
8.To develop global partnership for development. Each goal has specific targets and dates for achieving those targets.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
-The sustainable development goals (SDGs) are known as global goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that by 2030, all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The heads of state and government and high representatives, in September 2015 at a meeting in the USA decided on sustainable development goals (SDGs).
-The 17 SDGs are integrated and they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.
-SDGs or global goals are the collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a "Blueprint to achieve a better and more .
sustainable future for all".
The 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) are:
1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all, at all ages.
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.
International Federation (FIP) Development Goals:
-FIP is the Global Federation of National Associations of Pharmacists and Pharmaceutical Scientists.
-FIP, with its headquarter in the Netherlands, is an International Organization of pharmacy professionals.
-This framework can also be a basis for investment in pharmacy healthcare by government agencies and finding authorities and for national planning and delivery of policy initiatives.
-The FIP development goals are a key resource for transforming the pharmacy profession over the next decade globally. regionally and nationally.
-21 FIP development goals have been identified and each one them is marked with workforce (W), practice (P) and science (S) components.
-The work on FIP development goals started in 2016 and the final document has been provided in 2020.
The 21 FIP development goals are:
1. Academic capacity.
2. Early career training strategy.
3. Quality assurance.
4. Advanced and specialist development.
5. Competency development.
6. Leadership developments
7.Advancing integrated services.
8. Working with others.
9.Continuing professional development strategies.
10. Equity and equality.
11.Impact and outcomes.
12. Pharmacy intelligence.
13. Policy development.
14.Medicine expertise.
15. People-centered care.
16. Communicable diseases.
17. Antimicrobial stewardship.
18. Access to medicines, devices and services.
19. Patient safety.
20. Digital health.
21. Sustainability in pharmacy.
2 Prevention healthcare–Role of Pharmacists in the following
(23M)
1 Define demography. Explain stages of the Demographic cycle.
-Demography.is the scientific study of the human population.
Demographic cycle
-It comprises the following 5 stages.
1 First stage
It is the "High stationary stage". The feature of this phase is both natality i-e birth rate and mortality ie death rate are very high.
Both cancel each other keeping population steady.
2 Second stage
It is "Early expanding stage" Here mortality starts falling down but birth rate remains Same ie higher As a result population starts. increasing.
3 Third stage
It is "Late Expanding Stages' ' Her mortality continues to fall but birth rate also starts decreasing. But yet the birth rate remains higher than the death rate.
4 Fourth stage
It is "Low stationary stage" It is also called Zero growth stage as birth Yate equals death rate and both are lowered so net population growth is zero.
5 Fifth stage
It is "Negative Growth stage" Here the death rate is higher than the birth rate. So there is a decline in population size.
2 What are the problems of overpopulation? How can the population be controlled?
-Over population or overabundance is a phenomenon in which a Species population becomes larger than the carrying capacity of its environment.
Population Problem of India.
-"Because of the overpopulation of India, the country is facing a variety of problems as India has only 2.4% of the total land area of the world and possesses 16.7%.
1 Biological consequences
Young population is growing tremendously. This causes a greal pressure on pediatric care. education, health and other such facilities.
2 Economic consequences
Population adversely affects the rate of per capita income. The majority of India's total population lives below the poverty line. Poverty is one of the important causative factors in the epidemiology of diseases.
3 Social consequences
More population means less job opportunities, inadequate educational facilities, increased illiteracy, inadequate and poor housing facilities.
4 Health consequences.
Malnutrition in inadequate medical facilities can cause higher death rates in infants and children There can be high malemal deaths.
Population control measures.
-Some of the important methods to control overpopulation education.
3 Method Of Solid Disposal
1 Dumping
Dry refuse is mainly dumped in areas which help not only in disposal but also in reclamation. land By the action of bacteria, the volume of the refuse decreases considerably in volume and is converted gradually into humus.
2 Controlled tipping or Sanitary landfill
This is the most Satisfactory method of refuse disposal.
In this method a trench is due. The refuge is compactly dumped in these pits and at the end of each working day is covered with earth, when the trench is full again it is covered with earth and its compacted.
3 Burning
Refuse can be disposed of hygienically by burning. Hospital refuse which is particularly dangerous is best disposed of by build
4 Composting
It is a method of combined disposal of refuse and night soil. The basic principle is when the refuse and night soit are dumped in a pit and covered with earth there is anaerobic decomposition.
5 Burial
It is useful for small scale disposal like camps. In a small pit the refuse is collected and at the end of each day it is covered with 20-30 cm of earth.
4 Discuss in Details. Noise pollution.
-It is defined as the wrong sound or the wrong place at the wrong time.
Effect of noise.
A) Auditory effect.
Whistling and buzzing sounds in the ear.
Temporary hearing loss which may lead to deafness.
B) Non-Auditory Effects
Difficulty in Concentration.
Feeling of Fatigue
Annoyance
Decrease efficiency.
Physiological changes :- Headache, increased heart rate, sleep etc.
Noise pollution control
1 Control of noise at source
It is achieved by segregating noisy machines and by using mufflers or other noise reducers to machines.
2 Control of transmission
This can be achieved by building enclosures and covering walls with sound absorbing material.
3 Protection of exposed person
It is recommended For all workers who are consistently exposed to noise louder than 85 dB in the frequency band above 150 HZ.
4 Education
Education of people through available media is required to highlight the importance of noise as a community hazard.
4 Immunity
-The power of the body to resist the effect of invasion of pathogens is known as Immunity.
Classify of immunity
Natural
Acquired
A Natural
1 Age
2 Race
3 Species
4 Individual
B Acquired
Active
Passive
a Active
1 Natural
2 Artificial
b Passive
1 Natural
2 Artificial
5 Write about ill effects of air pollution and its prevention
Effects of air pollution
Air pollution causes several effects on health and it has contributed to increase in morbidity and mortality.
Respiratory tract disorders are common such as asthma, bronchitis and lung cancer.
Air pollution also affects the respiratory system of animals.
It also causes retardation of growth in plants, spotting, burning of leaves etc.
It causes damage to the historic buildings and blackening.
Prevention
Containment (Stopping release of pollutants by using enclosures, air cleaning etc)
Replacement (using energy resources which will not cause pollution: eg using natural gas, electricity)
Dilution (plantation)
Legislation (laws and rules like PUC, Smoke Nuisance Act etc.)
Public awareness and education
6 Write about hazards of water pollution and its prevention
-The main water pollutants include bacteria, viruses, parasites, fertilizers, pesticides, pharmaceutical products, nitrates, phosphates, plastics, fecal waste and even radioactive substances.
Hazards Of water pollution
1 Destruction of biodiversity. Water pollution depletes aquatic ecosystems and triggers excessive growth of phytoplankton (microalgae) in lakes due to eutrophication (excessive presence of nitrates, phosphates etc).
2 Contamination of the food chain. Fishing in polluted waters and the use of waste water for livestock farming and agriculture can introduce toxins into foods which are harmful to our health when eaten.
3 Lack of potable water. The UN says that billions of people around the world have no access to clean water to drink or sanitation, particularly in rural areas.
4 Diseases. The WHO estimates that about 2 billion people have no option but to drink contaminated water. It leads to several diseases such as cholera, hepatitis A, dysentery, diarrhea, giardiasis, typhoid and several other GI infections.
Prevention of Water pollution
Protecting water resources
Legislation,strict implementation and monitoring for proper disposal of industry waste, agricultural waste, pharmaceutical waste,radioactive waste, plastic etc
Avoiding bathing of animals,humans in water resources
Avoiding defecation near water resources
Purification of water on a large scale and household level
7 Explain what is meant by Contraceptive methods and give their classification. Describe Hormonal contraceptives.
Contraceptives
Contraceptives are the devices which restrict the fertility of ovum and do not allow the zygote formation. Or the devices which prevent the entry of sperm into the uterus of the female to prevent pregnancy.
Contraception
"The prevention of pregnancy or to plan the pregnancy by using contraceptive devices is called contraception."
Methods of Family Planning/Contraception
a. Temporary Methods (Spacing Methods)
i. Barrier methods
Physical methods
Condom for male
Diaphragms, vaginal sponge for female.
Chemical methods: Foam tablets, creams, suppositories,jellies and pastes.
ii. Intrauterine devices (IUDs)
Medicated IUDs
Non Medicated IUDs.
iii) Hormonal methods
Oral pills
Slow release preparations, e.g. vaginal rings, implants.
iv) Postconceptional methods
Menstrual regulation
Menstrual induction
Abortion.
v)Natural methods (miscellaneous methods)
Abstinence
Coitus interruption
Safe period (rhythm method)
Cervical mucus method.
b. Permanent Methods/Terminal Methods/Sterilization Methods
i. Male sterilization (vasectomy)
ii. Female sterilization (tubectomy)
iii. Laparoscopy.
Hormonal Contraceptives/Oral Contraceptives (Pills)
Hormonal contraceptives are chemical agents in the form of tablets.
These tablets make the women unable to ovulate.
These contraceptives are almost 100% effective if taken properly.
These contraceptives contain a combination of both estrogen and progesterone or progesterone only.
3 Nutrition and Health (13M)
1.Discuss in detail about the importance of breastfeeding, wrile ill effects of infant mill
Importance of breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding is the best way to satisfy the nutritional and physiological needs of the body.
Mothers' milk contains all the correct Proportions necessary for the growth Development of the body.
It has inherent anti-infective properties which no other milk has.
Breast milk provides good quality proteins Vitamin calcium Iron and other minerals beyond Four months.
Following importance of bread feeding from different prescription Follow
1 For The Baby
Less illness & babies are fed breast milk and have a lower risk of infection in the middle ear.
Cancer in children.
Sudden infant death syndrome.
Atopic dermatitis.
Development of growth
Breast milk contains important components that aid in the protection and development.
Baby's individual needs, making it the optimal. diet for health growth and Development.
Physiological advantages
Breastfeeding can improve bonding and emotional attachment between mother and baby due to close interaction and frequent skin to skin contact.
For the mother
-following are the benefits of breastfeeding for moth
May reduce the risk of type lI diabetes in mothers who have gestational diabetes.
Can assist common people in losing weight following the birth of their child.
Reduces the risk of ovarian and premenopausal breast cancer.
Osteoporosis risk may be reduced.
Assists the uterus in returning to its pre- pregnancy stale as quickly as possible.
ill effects of Infant milk substitutes Infant milk Substitute formula.
It is a cow milk substitute that contains hydrolyzed cow's milk protein or goat milk protein as the protein source.
There are many ill effects of early weaning and are the leading cause of rising infant mortality.
1Weanings food at the early stage may weaken a baby's immune system.
Weanings meals and formula milk, on the other hand, are deficient in important and natural nutrients.
Chances of infections, Diarrheal disease and Anemia i are common in children with early weaning because breast milk contains the best bioavailable Iron.
2 Weaning food and Bottle Feeding affects the mother-baby bonding.
For both the mother and the infant, feeding is a bonding process. this bonding process. Bottle- feeding may obstruct this bonding process.
3 Breastfeeding protects the mother's health
Breastfeeding mothers are opposed to bottle-feeding according to mothers, ovarian cancer ac some studies.
2) What is malnutrition and write i'll effects of Junk Food
-Malnutrition refers to when a person does not provide enough nutrients or the right balance of nutrients for optimal health.
ill effects of Junk Food
Weight gain and obesity
Lack of proper nutrition affects immunity.
Possibility of developing several Non- communicable diseases. eg: Diabetes, Hypertension, heart disease.
Learning and memory problems.
Loss of appetite and Indigestion.
Inadequate growth and development.
Can cause kidney or liver damage.
It affects the brain function.
Weakness.
3 Write function and daily requirement protein.
Function of protein.
-Protein are the complete organic compounds with C, H, O, N and also contain Iron, sulfur and other elements.
Bodybuilding repair and maintenance of tissues.
For formation of antibodies, plasma protein, enzymes, hemoglobin and hormones. hemoglobin and hormones.
Strengthening of the immune system.
For production of heart and energy.
Balancing of fluids and of osmotic pressure.
Maintenance of proper ph in body.
Required of Proteins
As per Indian council of medical Research for Indians.
0.8 to 1 gm protein per kg body weight per day.
4)Enlist and discuss any two diseases caused by deficiency of vitamins.
5) State what are the "Genetically modified foods" Given advantages and disadvantages of its.
General modification
-Genetic modification involves altering or organizing DNA.
Genetically modified food (GMF) -Genetically modified foods. are the foods derived from organisms whose genetic material has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally.
Example
Cotton, potato, papaya.
Advantage
Genetically modified crops contain more nutrients.
They grow Faster.
Increase crop yield.
Reduced cast of food production.
Reduced need of pesticides and herbicides.
Resistance to pests and disease.
Greater food security.
Disadvantage
1 Environmental
It includes harming beneficial species.
2 Health
It may cause allergic reactions, antibodies, decrease nutrients etc.
3 Allergen
It could produce known or unknown allergens.
4 Antibiotic resistance
5 Decreased nutrients
Decreased lends of important nutrients.
6 Markets
Unintended market impacts include lower prices.
7 Introduction to toxins.
6 Classification of food & state functions of food (03m)
1 By Origin
Vegetable origin e.g:- Fruit, Green leafy Vegetables.
Animal origin e.g:- Milk, fish, egg.
2 Chemical composition
a) Proteins e.g:- egg, fish etc.
b) Fats e.g:- oil seeds, nuts etc.
c) carbohydrates e.g:- Sugar etc.
d) Vitamins e.g :- Fruits,vegetables
3 Classification by function
Energy giving food e.g:-sugar,roots
Body building food e.g:- Milk, fish
Protective Food e.g:- Milk, Eggs
function of Food
To provide energy for day to day activity.
To build new cells and tissues for growth.
For maintenance of the body system.
To prevent and fight infection.
7 Describe Gram Staining Method of Bacteria. (3 marks)
Gram staining: This is a widely used differential technique for bacteria Technique
Procedure:
1) Smear (thin microbial film) is prepared on a clean glass slide.
2) Smear is air dried and fixed by gentle heating.
3) Crystal violet solution is applied on smear as primary stain for about 1 to 2 min.
4) Potassium iodide solution (gram's iodine solution) is applied on a smear for 1 to 2 min.
5) Slide is gently washed with water.
6) Alcohol (95% soln) Now it is applied on smears as a decolouriser vii) The secondary stain as counterstain like eosin or safranin is applied on a smear for 20 to
30 sec.
7) Finally the slide is washed with water, air dried and observed under the oil-immersion lens of the microscope.
Observation: Gram positive bacterial cells appear violet in colour, while Gram negative bacterial cells appear pink in colour.
4 Introduction to Microbiology and common microorganisms (36M)
1.Epidemiology Enlist and explain types & uses
-Epidemiology is the study of distribution and determinants of health related events and diseases in the population and also the application of this knowledge to control health problems.
-The term epidemiology is derived from the latin word Epi-among, Demons-people, Logos-study.
Types of epidemiological method
1 Retrospective studies.
-Under this procedure, already available records are scrutinized. A group with the disease under study is compared with appropriate control groups and their characteristics.
2) Prospective studies.
-Under this procedure, records are developed from a study of population. A group with a disease is Compared with a control group.
3) Experiment studies.
-A more certain way of developing epidemiological facts is by properly designed experimental studies.
Uses of Epidemiology scope/ Application.
It helps to study the disease distribution. and its size in human pollution.
It helps for doing community diagnosis and to compare two or more than two geographical areas.
It helps in planning, implementation and evaluation of health services.
It helps the prevention and control of public health. Problems on Priority basis.
It helps in estimating the needs of resources (money, material, man etc)
It helps in identifying the causes. of disease.
It helps in identifying clinical syndromes.
To determine mode of transmission of disease.
2) Difference between Bacteria and virus.
3) Draw the diagram
Cell
Virus
5) Describe Gram staining method of Bacteria.
This is a widely used differential technique For bacteria Technique.
Procedure
Smear is prepared on a clean glass slide.
Smear is air dried and fixed by gentle heating.
Crystal violet solution is applied en smear as the primary stain for about 1 to 2 min.
Potassium iodide solution is applied on smear For 1 to 2 min.
Slide is gently washed with water.
Alcohol (95%-solution) Now it is applied on smears as a decolourise.
The secondary stain as counterstain dike casein or safranin applied on a Smear for 20 to 30 sec.
Finally the slide is washed with water, air dried and observed under the oil-immersion lens of a microscope.
Observation
Gram positive bacterial cells appear violet in color, while Gram negative bacterial cells appear pink in color.
Respiratory infections disease
Tuberculosis. ( क्षयरोग )
Cause-mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Signs and symptoms
loss of weight
Weakness
chest pain
Night sweating
loss of appetite
Rise in temperature.
Cough
Blood in sputum
Mode of transmission
Air borne infection transmitted by droplet From sputum of Patient through coughing, Sneezing and talking of the patient.
Prevention and treatment
Early detection and causes.
Immunization with Beh Vaccine.
Isolation.
Balanced diet and health education.
Prevention treatment i.e INH OR INH puls ethambutol.
People should be educated. not to spit in public places.
DOTS:-Directly observed Treatment short course.
Chickenpox
Cause agent- Varicella zoster virus.
Sign And Symptoms
Fever
Appearance of rash on trunk face
Weakness
loss of weight.
Mode of transmission
Chicken pox is transmitted from a person by directly touching the blisters, or mucus of an infected person.
Prevention and treatment
Isolated patient.
Disinfect the article used by the patient.
There is no Specific treatment.
The treatment is only symptomatic.
The MMRV vaccine can prevent measles.
Influenza
Cause agent - It is caused by influenza virus
Sign SSymptoms
Fever
Joint pain
Headache
cough
weight loss
loss of appetite
loss of faste
Mode Of Transmitted
It is a droplet infection or droplet nucleus created by sneezing, coughing or talking.
The virus enters through the respiratory tract.
Prevention and treatment
Use of vaccine trivalent or quadrivalent Intramuscular injection (TIV or QIV) which contains the inactivated form of Virus.
Notification of the cases.
Early detection diagnosis Isolation of patient and treatment.
Washing hands with soap sanitizers.
Health education.
Not touching the mouth and eye without washing hands.
Check at airports.
Diphtheria
Causative Agent- Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Sign and symptoms
Fever
gray membrane covering the throat and tonsils.
Body Pain
weight loss.
Mode Of Transmission
Diphtheria Person is spread transmitted from to person usually through respiratory droplets. From coughing or Sneezing.
Prevention and treatment
Prevention can be done by early detection of cases and carries.
Immunization with combined vaccine DPT.
for Specific treatment diphtheria antitoxin in tramuscularly.
Isolation to patients.
Health education.
Notification of the causes.
2 Intestinal infection
Cholera
Causative agent - Vibrio cholerae
Sign and Symptoms
Onset of severe diarrhea and vomiting.
Cramps in the legs and abdomen.
Loss of weight.
Shallow and quick respiration.
Fevers.
Shallow and quick respiration.
Mode Of Transmission
The cholera bacteria is passed through feces.
Transmitted mainly food, water, milk, Human beings are the only reservoir of cholera infection.
Prevention frang treatment
Early detection of suspected cases and bacteriological examination stood for confirmation.
Notification to the local health authority.
Disinfection of stools, vomitus, clothes, bedding rooms and utensils.
Sanitary measures like water control, fly control and disposal.
Prevention by cholera vaccine especially during fairs and festivals.
Water and wollk should be consumed only after boiling.
Fruits, vegetables should be thoroughly Cleaned before use.
Typhoid
Causative Agent -Salmonella typhi bacilli
Sign And Symptoms
Fever headache.
Weight loss.
Skin rash.
Muscle weaknesses.
Body pain.
Mode Of Transmission
Transmitted by faeco-oral route or urine-only route.
Contaminated food, water, milk.
Indirect transmission through contaminated water, milk, food through fields.
Prevention & treatment
Control or reservoir, control of sanitation.
Education of people for sanitation and personal hygiene.
Immunization with TB vaccine containings.
Fatables should be protected from file water and mills should be consumed only. after proper boiling.
Poliomyelitis
Causative agent - Poliomyelitis virus serotype. I or ii Or iii
Sings Or Symptoms
Fever
Headache
Weight Loss
In 9o% of cases there are no symplary about 8% Show mild illness and 1-2% suffer major illness when the virus attacks CNS and produces varying degrees of paralysis.
Mode Of Transmission
Main transmission through faceso-oral route.
Another route is droplet infection this occurs in the acute phase of disease when the virus occurs in the throat.
Man is the reservoir of the virus.
Prevention and treatment
Notification of the case to the health authorities.
Proper disposal of urine and feces.
Protection of water sources and Supply of safe drinking water.
Personal hygiene should be strictly maintained.
Poliovirus vaccine live oral is the vaccine of Choice for primary immunization of children.
3) Arthropod borne infection.
Chikungunya
Causative agent - Chikungunya virus.
Sign And Symptom
Weight loss.
Headaches.
Joint pain.
Muscle pain.
Mode Of Transmission
Transmitted to people through the bile of an infected mosquito mainly Aedes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.
Presentation and control
Mosquitoes control paracetamol to reduce fever and pain.
Do not take aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Health education.
Notification to the local health authority.
Malaria
Causative agent-Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium falciparum,Plasmodium malariae.
Sign of symptoms
Cald stage
Sudden onset of fever with rigor and chills This stage lasts for 15 min for 1 hour.
Hot Stage
Severe headache, very hot flushing of body Last for 2 to 4 hours.
Sweating stage
After the last stage there is profuse Sweating and temperature becomes normal but the patient Feels exhausted.
This stage lasts. For 2 to 4 hours.
Control And Treatment
Early diagnosis through examination or blood smear.
Immediate notification to health authorities.
Stagnation of water around the houses should be avoided, which will prevent mosquito bites by using mosquito repellent for mosquitoes.
Larvicide fish- 'Gambusia Fish' should be grown in ponds.
Dengue
Causative Agent- Dengue viruses arboviruses.
Signs symptoms
Fever
Joint pain
Headaches
Rash And Muscle
Mode Of Transmission
Dengue virus is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquito, particularly A.
Prevention And Control
Mosquito control.
There is no specific treatment for dengue Early detection of disease progression associated with severe dengue.
Treatment of hypovolemic shock by urgent intravenous rehydration carefully monitored to avoid pulmonary oedema.
Isolation under the bed net during the first few days.
Health education.
4 Surface infection
Leprosy
Causative agent - Mycobacterium leprae.
Sign and Symptom
Rashes
Weight loss
Joint pain
Mode Of Transmission
Leprosy may be transmitted by droplet infection. direct or indirect contact of an infected patient.
It may be transmitted through breast milk of a lepromatous mother.
Prevention And Control
Detection of the gasses.
Multidrug therapy for control and cure.
Surveillance.
To interrupt the transmission of the disease Treat the patient for complete care and rehabilitation.
Trachoma
Causative agent- Chlamydia trachomatis Chromatic chronic infection disease.
Sing and Symptoms
Fever
Headache
Body pain
Weight loss
Mode Of Transmission
Direct or indirect contact with ocway discharge of infected person or family.
Prevention and control
Early diagnosis and treatment of cases.
Common use of eye cosmetics like kajal should be avoided.
Health education and community hygiene plays an important role in the control of trachoma.
5 Sexually transmitted disease
AIDS
Causative Agent- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Sign & Symptoms
Fever
Weight loss
Chronic diarrhea
Swelling in grain
Persistent cough etc
Mode Of Transmitted
Sexual contact i.e. vaginal, oral or anal sex. can Spread AIDS.
Through transfusion of blood infected with AIDS Virus.
Through contaminated needles and Syringes.
It is transmitted from the infected mother to the fetus through placenta.
Control prevention.
Screening of blood donors for HIV.
Use of disposable syringes for injection.
Screening of high risk groups like prostitutes & drug addicts.
Avoid going to prostitutes for sexual intercourse.
Do not indulge in oral or anal sex.
Avoiding promiscuous sexual contact.
Use of contraceptives like nirodh.
Treatment with antiviral agent like azidothymidine can prolong the life of a patient.
Health education about AIDS its problem and methods of Prevention.
Common symptoms for all diseases.
Headache
Fever chills Cough
Sore throat
Weakness
Weak immunity
loss of appetite
Muscle Ache
Joint Pain
4)Role Provide Pharmacists in All disease.
Provides emergency treatment.
Provide good positive thinking patients.
Provide the information to patients about nutrients.
Give a Good Idea about exercise.
Give the Idea about adverse effects of overdose.
Coughing and Sneezing time use handkerchief and tissue paper.
Intake the medicine from time to time.
At the adverse stage of disease promote the patient to consult the doctor.
5 Introduction to health system and all ongoing National Health program
(12M)
1 Discuss about various National Health programmes.
-Programme aimed controlling communicable diseases
1) National Iodine Deficiency Disorder control ramme [NIDDCP)
2) National mental Health programme (NMHP)
3) Revised National tuberculosis control Programme (RNTCP)
4)National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP).
5)National AIDS Control Programme (NACP)
6)National Viral Hepatitis Control programme
7)National Vector Borne Disease Control program
8)Pulse polio programmer.
1 NIDDCP
Objective
Surveys to assess the magnitude of Iodine deficiency disorder in the districts.
Surveys to assess IDD and impact iodized salt after every 5 years in Districts.
Laboratory monitoring of iodated salt and urinary Iodine excretion.
Health education and publicity.
Function and Outcome
A nodal ministry for implementation of NZ0OD has been created.
Consumption of iodated salt has increased From 51.1% (2005-2006) to 71.1% in 2009.
National Reference laboratory for monitoring IDD four regional laboratories and 35 states Laboratories have been formed.
2 Mental Health Programme
Objective
To ensure the availability and accessibility of minimum mental Healthcare for all Foreseeable future.
To encourage the application of mental health. knowledge in general healthcare and social development.
To promote community participation in mental health service development.
To enhance resources in mental health subspecialties.
Outcomes and function
District mental Health Programme.
Public private partnership.
Mental health helpline.
Center of excellence in mental health.
IEC activities.
3)RNTCP
objective
Vision-TB free India with zero deaths, diseases. and poverty due to Tuberculosis.
Goal-To achieve a rapid decline in burden TB morbidity while working toward elimination of TB in India by 2005.
function and outcomes.
New scheme evolution by the ministry of Health & Family welfare in (MDHFW) in the private sector too for sulable incentive to the private doctor and patient benefits.
A robust, modern management and Information service (MIS) system will be developed to monitor the newly. diagnosed as well as existing cases of TB on delivery, of the drug kit to the patient, compliance to treatment regimen etc
The availability of rapid molecular tests for patients referred by any private doctor or institute.
To improve the compliance of the TB patients to treatment reminding them about the time to Consume the drugs.
TB corpus fund: To improve financial sustainability in the TB sector.
4) NLEP
Objective
To reduce the prevalence rate of leprosy less than 1/10,000 population at Sub-national and district level.
To reduce grade-lI disability%41 among new cases at national level.
Zero disabilities among new child cases.
zero sigma and discrimination against the person affected by leprosy.
Function and outcomes
NLEP functions under the national Health mission.
Diagnosis and treatment of leprosy.
capacity building.
Disability Prevention and medical Rehabilitation.
NGO Services.
5) AIDS
objective
Safe Blood Transfusion.
Reduce sexual Transmission
Establishment of survileline.
Create a proper favironment.
Build up the capacity.
Treating the health staff.
Reduce the infection.
Development of program management.
Prevention of HIV Transmission.
function and outcome
Target interventions (TI) female seze workers, men who have sexe
(MSM) ,Transgender,Injection Drug Uses (IDO).
Needle- Syringe exchange programme (NSEP).
Prevention Intervention for migrant pollution.
Prevention control of sexually transmitted infection.
HIV counseling & Testing services.
Prevention of parent of child Transmission.
Condom Promotion.
Information. Education & communication (IEC)
2) Explain Role of Pharmacist in National health programme
Pulse polio Programme.
Pharmacists take an active part in these programs.
Pharmacists make the vacancies available for the National Immunization Programme.
Trained and certified pharmacists may administer the vaccines and utilize greed protocols.
Pharmacist important role, immunization Schedule, recommending specific vaccines.
NTCP
Pharmacist and pharmacy student actively. take a part in Tobacco control.
Pharmacists created awareness in public to stop.
Smoking by guiding the toxic effects of tobacco.
Pharmacists can participate in anti-tobacco rally.
Pharmacists can be an integral part of the fight to quit smoking.
National Program or control of Blindness.
Pharmacist play an active role in NPCB
Pharmacists help to reduce the backlog of blindness. through identification and treatment of Blindness.
Pharmacists can counsel and give guidance to the public to prevent blindness.
Pharmacists can help in eye donation and free eye checkup camps.
3) write about Ayushman Bhort (PM-JAY)
Ayshman Bhart, Pradan mantri Jan arogya yojna (PM-JAY) or Healthy india" is a national initiative launched as part of National policy 2017.
This initiative has been designed to meet Sustained development Goals and its commitment which is "leave no one behind".
Benefits
Government provides health insurance of up to RS 5,00,000/- Per family per year.
All families listed in the Socio Economic and caste Census (SECC).
No cap on family size and age of members.
Priority to girl child women and senior citizens.
All pre-existing diseases covered. Hospital cannot deny treatment.
Cashless and paperless access to quality health care services.
6 Pharmacoeconomics (4M)
1 Explain pharmacoeconomics Discuss the method of pharmacoeconomics evaluation?
- Pharmacoeconomics is defined as "the branch of economics that uses cost-benefits, cost. effectiveness. cos-minimization, cost of illness and cost utility analysis to Pharmaceutical product compare and treatment strategies. -Pharmacoeconomic is sub-discipline of health economic
- Phara study evaluates the cast and effect of Promes profe
Pharmacoeconomic evaluation. There are four method of pharmacoeconomic
1) Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
It involves measuring only cost, usually only to health services eg prescribing generic preparation instead of a brand. leader.
2) cost effectiveness analysis (CEA)
It refers to the whole of economic evaluation but specifically a particular type of evaluation in which the health benefit can be defined and measured in natural units eig year of life saved, ulcers healed etc.
3) cost-utility analysis (CUN)
It is similar to cast. effectiveness but the outcome is a unit of utility eg-quality- adjusted life years. (QALY)
4) cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
In this case. The benefit is measured by the associated economic benefit of an intervention. as the eg: monitory value of returning a worker 70 employment earlier.
2) Pharmacoeconomics Important
fixing the price of a new drug and re -fixing the price of an existing.
Drug development and clinical trials.
Creating data For promotional medicines.
finalizing of new drug formulary.
Introduction of new scheme and programs in hospital pharmacy and clinical pharmacy.
Including a drug in the medical insurance.
The payers want to manage risking
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